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ANNOUNCEMENT 


OF  THE  OPENING  OF  THE 


aw 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT 


— OF  THE  — 


University  of  Pennsylvania. 


/ 


OCTOBER  2d,  1884. 


WITH  THE 


INTRODUCTORY  ADDRESS 


— BY  — 

RUSH  SHIPPEN  HUIDEKOPER, 

Dean  of  the  Veterinary  Faculty. 


New  York  : 

Holt  Brothers,  Printers,  119  and  121  Nassau  Street. 


1884. 


wrrrrnrrrr-rr" • 

Administrative 


PEOVOST  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY: 
WILLIAM  PEPPER,  M.D.,  LjL.D. 

President  pro  tempore  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 


TRUSTEES  ■ 

THE  GOVERNOR  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  Ex-officio  President  of  the  Board. 
Rev.  HENRY  J.  MORTON,  D.D. 

FREDERICK  FRALEY,  LL.D. 

Rev.  CHARLES  W.  SCHAEFFER,  D.D. 

JOHN  WELSH,  LL.D. 

♦ALEXANDER  HENRY. 

Rt.  Rev.  WILLIAM  BACON  STEVENS,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

JOHN  ASHIIURST. 

WILLIAM  SELLERS. 

Rev.  RICHARD  NEWTON,  D.D. 

ELI  K.  PRICE,  LL.D. 

J.  VAUGHAN  MERRICK. 

F AIRMAN  ROGERS. 

RICHARD  WOOD. 

S.  WEIR  MITCHELL,  M.D. 

GEORGE  WHITNEY. 

JOSHUA  B.  LIPPINCOTT. 

CHARLES  C.  HARRISON. 

JAMES  H.  HUTCHINSON,  M.D. 

Rev.  GEORGE  DANA  BOARDMAN,  D.D. 

WILLIAM  HUNT,  M.D. 

HORACE  HOWARD  FURNESS,  LL.D. 

WHARTON  BARKER. 

SAMUEL  DICKSON. 


WHARTON  BARKER,  Secretary , 
20  South  Third  Street,  Philadelphia. 
Rev.  JESSE  Y,  BURK,  Secretary, 
University. 


Chairmen  of  Standing  Committees  for  the  Year  1884-’85 

Ways  and  Means- Hon.  John  Welsh,  LL.D.,  - - 304  Walnut  Street. 
Buildings,  Estates  and  Property— J.  B.  Lippincott,  Esq.,  - 715  Market  Street. 
Library — H.  H.  Fop. ness,  LL.D.,  - - - 222  South  Seventh  Street. 

Department  of  Arts — Frederick  Fraley,  LL.D.,  - - 1000  Walnut  Street. 

Department  of  Medicine— S.  Weir  MItohell,  M.D.,  - 1524  Walnut  Street. 

Department  of  Laic—  Eli  K.  Price,  LL.D.,  - 709  Walnut  Street. 

Department  of  Science—  J.  Vaughan  Merrick,  Esq.,  - - - Roxboro’. 

Department  of  Finance  and  Economy — Wharton  Barker,  Esq.,  28  So.  Third  St. 


Deceased. 


ANNOUNCEMENT 

— OF  THE  OPENING  OF  THE  — 

VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT 

— OF  THE  — 

University  of  Pennsylvania. 


OCTOBER  2d,  1884. 


WITH  THE 

INTRODUCTORY  ADDRESS 

— BY  — 

RUSH  SHIPPEN  HUIDEKOPER, 

Dean  of  the  Veterinary  Faculty. 


New  York: 

Holt  Brothers,  Printers,  119  and  121  Nassau  Street. 


1884. 


VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT 


FACULTY : 

WILLIAM  PEPPER,  M.D.,  LL.D., 

Provost  of  the  University  and  ex-officio  President  of  the  Faculty. 

RUSH  SHIPPEN  HUIDEKOPER,  M.D.,  Y.S., 
j Dean  of  the  Faculty,  Professor  of  Internal  Pathology,  and  pro  tempore  Professor 
of  Veterinary  Anatomy. 

JAMES  TYSON,  M.D., 

Professor  of  General  Pathology  and  Morbid  Anatomy. 

HORATIO  C.  WOOD,  M.D.,  LL.D., 

Professor  of  Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy  and  General  Therapeutics. 

THEODORE  G.  WORMLEY,  M.D.,  LL.D., 

Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology. 

HARRISON  ALLEN,  M.D., 

Professor  of  Physiology. 

JOSEPH  T.  ROTHROCK,  M.D.,  B.S., 

Professor  of  Botany. 

ANDREW  J.  PARKER,  M.D.,  Ph.D., 

Professor  of  Comparative  Anatomy  and  Zoology. 

ROBERT  MEADE  SMITH,  M.D., 

Professor  of  Comparative  Physiology. 


Professor  of  Surgical  Pathology  and  Obstetrics. 


DEMONSTRATORS: 

HENRY  F.  FORMAD,  M.D., 

Demonstrator  of  Pathology  and  Morbid  Anatomy , 

H.  HORACE  HOSKINS,  V.S., 

Demonstrator  of  Anatomy. 

ALEXANDER  GLASS,  Y.S., 

Demonstrator  of  Therapeutics,,  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy. 


Farrier,  Demonstrator  of  Forging  and  Horseshoeing. 

Pkof.  R.  S.  HUIDEKOPER, 

Dean  of  the  Faculty, 

36th  and  Pine  Streets,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


The  appointments  necessary  to  complete  the  Faculty  will  be  made  during  the  year. 


CFOT=m 


'P^DOrCtn- 

:!Hd 

BUILDINGS  OF  THE  VETERINARY  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  Phila, 


36  th  STREET 


ANNOUNCEMENT 

OF  THE 

Department  of  Veterinary  Medicine. 


This  department  aims  to  give  instruction,  both  theoretical  and 
practical,  in  all  branches  pertaining  to  the  scientific  study  of  the 
elements  of  medicine,  and  the  practical  application  of  these  ele- 
ments to  the  domestic  animals,  in  the  preservation  of  their  health, 
in  their  employment  as  useful  aids  to  man,  and  in  the  diseases  to 
which  they  are  subject. 

THE  GROUNDS, 

at  Thirty-sixth  and  Pine  streets,  in  Philadelphia,  occupy  a space 
some  two  squares  in  extent,  adjoining  the  medical  and  other  de- 
partments of  the  University.  They  are  located  in  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  parts  of  Philadelphia,  within  twenty  minutes  of 
the  Broad  street  railroad  station  and  the  centre  of  the  city,  from 
which  they  can  be  reached  by  several  lines  of  horse-cars. 

THE  BUILDINGS 

at  present  erected,  occupy  a street  frontage  of  over  250  feet,  con- 
sisting of  a commodious  amphitheatre  and  museum,  anatomical 
room  66x21  feet,  lighted  from  both  sides,  histological  laboratory 
40x21  feet,  blacksmith  shop  with  eight  forges,  pharmaceutical 
laboratory  and  four  private  laboratories.  The  floors  are  all  laid 
in  cement,  with  the  most  approved  drainage.  Ample  water,  both 
hot  and  cold,  gas  and  heat  are  supplied  in  each  room.  Large 
stables  for  hospital  purposes  will  be  erected  by  the  opening  of  the 
second  year,  and  dormitories  for  students,  cattle  stables  and  other 
buildings  are  in  prospect. 


4 


ADMISSION. 

Candidates  for  admission  are  required  to  pass  a preliminary  ex- 
amination. Those  who  have  received  a collegiate  degree,  or  who 
have  a certificate  from  a recognized  normal  or  high  school,  cov- 
ering the  required  subjects,  may  enter  without  examination. 

COURSE  OF  INSTRUCTION. 

The  course  extends  over  three  years,  commencing  the  1st  of 
October  and  ending  the  last  of  June.  It  includes  the  following 
subjects : 

FIEST  YEAR 

Chemistry,  Materia  Medica  and  Pharmacy,  Physiology,  Histol- 
ogy, Applied  Botany,  Zoology,  Yeterinary  Anatomy,  and  Forging. 

SECOND  YEAR 

Medical  Chemistry,  Physiology,  Therapeutics,  General  Path- 
ology and  Morbid  Anatomy,  Yeterinary  Anatomy,  Surgical  Path- 
ology, Internal  Pathology  and  the  Contagious  Diseases,  Applied 
Botany,  Zoology  and  Practical  Farriery. 

THIRD  YEAR. 

Therapeutics,  General  Pathology  and  Morbid  Anatomy,  Sur- 
gical Pathology  and  Operative  Surgery,  Internal  Pathology  and 
the  Contagious  Diseases,  Sanitary  Police,  Obstetrics,  and  Zoo 
technics. 

In  the  second  year  the  student  will  attend  clinics,  and  will 
serve  as  aid  in  the  hospital.  In  the  third  year  he  will  be  placed 
in  charge  of  sick  animals,  and  be  required  to  prepare  clinical 
reports  and  make  autopsies.  He  will  also  make  regular  visits  to 
breeding  and  dairy  farms,  and  to  slaughter-houses,  in  order  to 
familiarize  himself  with  the  races  of  animals,  the  economical 
means  employed  in  their  care,  and  the  varieties  of  butcher  meat. 

The  immense  number  of  horses  in  Philadelphia,  the  large  car 
and  sale  stables  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  University, 
and  the  fine  agricultural  country  lying  just  outside  the  city,  which 


5 


can  be  utilized  for  the  study  of  cattle  and  other  food  animals,  will 
afford  the  students  of  this  school  especial  opportunities. 

During  the  session  of  1884-’85  only  the  first  year’s  studies  are 
taught ; 1885-’86,  first  and  second;  and  in  1886-’87  the  full  course 
and  the  first  diplomas  will  be  granted. 

EXAMINATIONS. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  year — General  Chemistry,  Histology, 
Materia  Medica,  Pharmacy  and  Forging. 

At  the  end  of  the  second  winter — Anatomy,  Physiology  and 
Medical  Chemistry. 

At  the  end  of  the  second  year — Zoology  and  Botany. 

At  the  end  of  the  third  year — Therapeutics,  General  Pathology 
and  Morbid  Anatomy,  Internal  Pathology  and  the  Contagious 
Diseases,  Surgical  Pathology,  Obstetrics,  Zootechnics  and  Sani- 
tary Police. 

FEES. 


Matriculation  Fee  (paid  once  only),  -------  $ 5.00 

Tuition  Fee  (each  year),  -----------  100.00 


DIPLOMA. 

Upon  completing  the  full  course  of  study  and  passing  satisfac- 
torily all  the  examinations,  the  student  receives  the  University 
degree  of  Veterinary  Surgeon  (V.  S.) 

For  further  information,  address 

Pkof.  B.  S.  HUIDEKOPEK,  M.D.,  Y.S., 
Veterinary  Department,  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia. 


INTRODUCTORY  ADDRESS 


At  the  Opening  of  the  Veterinary  Department,  University  of  Pennsylvania, 

October  2nd,  1884, 

By  Rush  Shippen  Huidekopek, 

Professor  of  Internal  Pathology  and  Contagious  Diseases  (pro  tempore  of  Anato- 
my), and  Dean  of  the  Veterinary  Faculty,  University  of  Pennsylvania ; Doctor 
of  Medicine,  University  of  Pennsylvania;  Veterinary  Surgeon,  Alfort, 
France;  Major  and  Surgeon,  1st  Brigade,  N.  G.  of  Pennsylvania; 

Fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians,  Philadelphia ; Member  of 
the  U.  S.  Veterinary  Medical  Association;  Ex-Coroner’s 
Physician  of  Philadelphia,  etc.,  etc. 


• 

“ 11  poco  e niun  conto  in  cui  b tenuta  la  Veterinaria  presso  di  noi,  b cagione 
de  gravissimi  danni,  non  dico  alia  scienza  ma  agli  interessi  economici  di  tutto  il 
paese.  Onde  me  parve  de  non  errare,  prefiggendomi  lo  scopo  di  aiutare  i giovani 
cultori  la  Veterinaria,  a comprendere  l’importanza  della  loro  scienza,  ed  a presen- 
tire  i luminosi  destini  a cui  b chiamata  nell  ’avvenire.” — Eroolani. 

Mr.  Provost  and  Gentlemen : 

I have  to-day  the  honor  to  deliver  the  first  address  of  this  new 
Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  for  the  instruction 
of  Veterinary  Medicine.  I feel  that  I have  a right  to  the  pleas- 
ure and  pride  I take  in  the  position  you  have  awarded  me,  as  a 
Pennsylvanian,  an  alumnus  of  this  university,  and  as  a member 
of  the  family  of  the  founder  of  its  Medical  Department,  which 
for  one  hundred  and  nineteen  years  has  stood  at  the  head  of 
medical  teaching  in  the  United  States;  but  I am  awed  by  the 
responsibility  which  it  places  upon  me.  At  the  founding  of  the 
Medical  Department  the  country  was  new,  any  advance  given  to 
the  people  for  their  education  was  a boon,  which  they  welcomed 
no  matter  how  small  it  was.  The  physician  and  surgeon  were  so 
needed,  thaf  they  rose  rapidly  to  a position  which  was  socially 
better  than  it  had  been  in  the  mother-country  ; every  addition  to 
the  ranks  of  medicine  was  regarded  as  a public  benefaction,  for 
life  is  always  man’s  greatest  care. 


7 


In  founding  a veterinary  school  we  have  much  to  labor 
against.  While  a few  people  fortunately  look  upon  the  philan- 
thropic side  of  veterinary  medicine,  the  majority  only  employ  a 
veterinary  surgeon  as  a means  of  saving  or  of  utilizing  so  many 
dollars  and  cents  in  the  form  of  a domestic  animal.  Popular 
prejudice  has  classed  the  “ horse  doctor  ” and  the  “ cow  leech” 
with  the  most  ignorant  farrier,  and  has  tainted  him  with  the  repu- 
tation for  dishonesty  of  the  proverbial  horse  dealer ; medical  men 
have  classed  him  the  least  educated  empiric  of  their  own  cast, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  a few  individuals,  no  one  has  thought 
for  a moment  that  the  responsibility  of  the  average  ignorance 
was  upon  himself  and  his  government.  Happily  there  are  always 
men  enterprising  beyond  their  fellows,  and  throughout  the  country 
are  many  practitioners  who  have  had  the  diligence  to  labor,  and 
the  intelligence  to  appreciate  what  their  experience  has  shown 
them ; the  want  of  journals  and  the  small  demand  for  and  high 
price  of  veterinary  books,  except  of  the  “ Universal  Stock  Book 
and  Yeterinary  Compendium”  order,  has  prevented  these  men 
from  being  known  outside  their  own  locality.  Medical  publishers 
hesitate  to  print  the  work  of  a veterinary  surgeon  unless  it  is  of 
exceptionable  merit,  and  books  of  technical  worth  are  only  bought 
by  the  few  physicians  whose  personal  tastes  interest  them  in 
animals,  as  a pastime,  or  for  laboratory  research ; books  which  are 
within  the  scope  of  the  layman’s  understanding  are  of  little  accu- 
racy and  value,  and  are  apt  to  condemn  the  author  in  the  eyes  of 
the  scientific  man. 

In  establishing  an  institution  for  the  advancement  of  veter- 
inary knowledge,  and  in  asking  intelligent  and  reputable  men  to 
select  it  for  a profession,  whereby  they  may  gain  a reputation  and 
livelihood,  we  have  to  contend  with  the  prejudice  which  ignorance 
has  attached  to  veterinary  surgeons  as  a class,  and  with  the  re- 
luctance which  the  aspirants  for  this  title  feel,  in  offering  to 
devote  a long  period  of  hard  work  to  gain  that  which  their  neigh- 
bor, the  farrier^  acquired  the  day  he  opened  a suppurating  corn  in 
a lame,  horse  and  sent  it  home  sound,  or  the  cow-leech  took  to 
himself  when  he  gave  some  chance  herb  to  a cow  down  with  the 
milk  fever  and  she  recovered,  as  they  sometimes  do  by  the  aid  of 
nature.  Before  entering  upon  the  causes  which  led  to  the  foun- 


8 


elation  of  this  department  of  the  university  andjits  aims  for  the 
future,  I will  give  a short  review  of  the  development  of  veterinary 
medicine  in  other  countries  and  in  our  own. 

Veterinary  medicine  derives  its  name  from  the  Latin  “ veter- 
inarium,”  “ veterinaria,”  veterinary  medicine,  “ veterinarius  ” a 
veterinary  surgeon,  these  terms  coming  from  the  “Yeterinse’i  or 
“Veheterinse,”  the  general  term  used  by  the  Romans  for  beasts 
of  burden  or  pack  animals,  from  “ vehere  ” to  carry.  Lenglet, 
however,  claims  that  the  term  is  of  much  older  and  of  Celtic 
origin,  being  derived  from  uvee”  or  “vieh”  cattle,  and  the  verb 
“teeren”  to  be  sick.  Nearly  all  languages  employ  words  from 
this  same  root;  French  “ veterinaire,”  Italian  “ veterinaria, ” 
South  Germany,  Hungarian  and  Russian  “ veterinar,”  but  in 
North  Germany  “ thierarzt”  and  “thier-medizin”  (animal  doctor 
and  animal  medicine)  are  more  generally  used. 

V eterinary  medicine  comprises  not  only  the  study  of  anatomy, 
physiology,  chemistry,  materia  medica  and  diseases  in  their  re- 
lationship to  animals,  but  includes  with  equal  importance  the  laws 
of  breeding  animals  and  of  raising  and  training  them  to  be  of 
greatest  service  to  man,  whether  as  motors  or  as  machines  for  the 
production  of  milk,  food  and  clothing ; these  uses  in  turn  necessi- 
tate a knowledge  of  farriery  and  the  inspection  of  meat  when 
used*  as  food. 

The  earliest  references  to  the  diseases  of  animals  are  found 
contemporaneously  with  the  first  medical  writings.  Aesculapius 
in  mythological  history  includes  a knowledge  of  horses,  which  he 
derived  from  Chiron,  the  Centaur.  Hippocrates  (160-377  B.  C.) 
described  the  symptoms  of  diseases  and  the  remedies  to  be  used 
in  animals.  Zend  Avesta,  the  Arab,  and  Charaka,  the  Hindoo, 
mention  several  of  their  maladies.  Ebers  shows  that  dissection 
was  carried  on  during  the  earliest  Egyptian  dynasties,  and  prob- 
ably much  more  frequently  in  animals  than  in  man,  on  account  of 
the  rigid  religious  rules  in  regard  to  the  dead.  The  Egyptians 
had  as  many  specialties  as  a medical  school  of  to-day,  and  distinct 
mention  is  made  of  doctors  for  fowls.  Numerous  references  are 
made  in  the  Bible  to  diseases  of  animals  and  to  herbs  used  in 
curing  their  troubles,  and  in  the  Mosaic  laws  we  have  clear  orders 
for  the  inspection  of  meat  and  the  division  of  animals  into  the 


9 

pure  and  impure.  Diodes  (360  B.  C.)  derived  most  of  his  knowl- 
edge of  anatomy  from  animals,  and  Xenophon  (445  B.  C.)  in  his 
treatise  on  cavalry  describes  some  of  the  ailments  of  horses  and 
especially  speaks  of  founder.  Aristotle  (384-322  B.  C.)  wrote  a 
work  of  some  size  on  animal  medicine  which  has  been  translated 
with  great  care  by  Doctors  Anbert  and  Wimmer.  Pamphylus  of 
Alexandria  (200  B.  C.)  Florentius,  and  Magon  of  Carthage  at 
about  the  same  date  wrote  works  which  were  complete  for  the 
time;  the  latter  was  translated  by  Dionysius  of  Utica. 

In  early  times  the  practice  of  animal  medicine  was  almost  ex- 
clusively confined  to  the  shepherds  and  farriers,  who  rarely  raised 
themselves  above  the  common  ignorance  of  the  day.  The  sur- 
gical operations  were  limited  to  castration  of  the  male  of  all 
species,  and  to  the  castration  of  female  swine,  which  was  also 
done  by  the  earliest  nomad  races,  and  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Christian  Era  was  a well  known  operation  in  Italy  and  Gaul.  In 
the  prime  of  the  Grecian  rule  of  the  world,  we  find  accounts  of 
doctors  for  horses,  who  had,  however,  but  a summary  knowledge 
of  diseases  and  blemishes,  but  who  kept  in  accord  with  the  spirit 
of  the  age  in  proposing  great  numbers  and  varieties  of  curative 
medicines.  The  writings  of  these  men,  composed  almost  entirely 
of  letters,  were  collected  in  the  10th  century  by  order  of  the 
Greek  Emperor,  Constantine  Porphyrogennetors,  and  were  printed 
in  the  16th  century  in  both  Greek  and  Latin  text.  The  Homan 
Emperors  employed  veterinary  surgeons  in  their  armies  and  the 
Emperor  Augustus  ordered  the  erection  of  hospitals  for  sick 
animals,  styled  “ Yeterinarium,”  in  contradistinction  to  the  “vale- 
tudinarium”  or  hospital  for  sick  soldiers.  The  Homan  writers  on 
agriculture  described  numerous  diseases  of  sheep,  goats  and 
swine,  but  their  works  are  only  of  historical  interest.  Cato  (234 
149  B.  C.),  Yarro  (116  B.  C.),  in  his  “De  re  rustica”  and  Celsus 
(40  B.  C.)  are  full  of  the  superstitions  of  the  age  and  ascribe  to 
the  stars,  to  the  moon  and  the  various  natural  phenomena  the 
greatest  influence  on  diseases  of  animals  and  the  remedies  to  be 
used  in  healing  them.  Columella  (40  A.  D.)  in  volumes  six  and 
seven  of  his  twelve  volume  “De  re  rustica,”  treats  extensively  of 
animals  ; he  recommends  bleeding,  describes  castration  and  the  use 
of  the  hot  iron,  and  splints  for  fracture.  Pedanius  Dioscoridius, 


10 


20  years  latter,  gives  an  account  of  hydrophobia.  Pliny  the 
younger  and  Galen  speak  of  the  scab  in  sheep.  In  the  middle 
of  the  4th  century  Apsyrtus  established  the  diagnosis  of  strangles 
from  glanders,  gave  a description  ^f  moon  blindness,  founder, 
tetanus,  cough,  tuberculosis  and  several  of  the  contagious  diseases, 
and  he  proposed  curative  means  of  extreme  common  sense.  At 
latter  end  of  the  same  century  Vegetius  Renatus,  a Latin,  col- 
lected most  of  the  known  writings  of  his  predecessors  and  com- 
piled a work  of  veterinary  medicine.  From  the  7th  to  the  13th 
centuries  we  find  scarcely  a trace  of  literature  on  veterinary 
subjects,  except  from  the  pens  of  Abu  Bekr,  Avicenna  (980-1037 
A.D.)  and  Ibu  el  Beilhar  (1248  A.D.),  all  of  them  Arabs.  Then 
as  now  among  the  Arabs  the  art  of  healing  a horse  was  regarded 
as  a gift  of  God,  belonging  to  special  families  and  transmitted  by 
them  to  their  descendants.  To  offer  them  pay  would  be  an  insult, 
and  their  only  reward  is  the  most  profuse  hospitality  from  their 
neighbors. 

During  the  early  days  of  the  Middle  Ages  the  rulers  of  states 
were,  with  a few  exceptions,  too  much  occupied  with  wars  to 
devote  any  thought  to  the  advancement  of  science  or  to  the  pro- 
motion of  agriculture.  Under  Frederick  II,  however,  Jordanus 
Ruffus  (1194  to  1250  A.  D.)  wrote  a book  of  considerable  value, 
in  which  spavin  is  described,  among  other  blemishes,  with  great 
credit.  In  1270,  Theodoric,  Bishop  of  Servia,  also  wrote  a book 
of  value.  The  superstition  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  days,  which 
perverted  the  symptoms  of  diseases  and  rendered  all  study  of  a 
rational  nature  futile,  was  in  the  Middle  Ages  replaced  by  a 
superstition  more  deleterious  still  to  the  advancement  of  any 
knowledge  of  animal  diseases.  The  epidemics  of  the  contagious 
diseases  were  considered  a visitation  and  punishment  of  God,  and 
it  was  thought  improper  to  treat  such  sick  beasts  or  to  dissect 
their  dead  bodies.  During  the  15th  century  a school  of  cavalry 
was  established  in  JNaples  and  from  it  developed  men  with  con- 
siderable veterinary  attainments.  Carraccioli,  Grisone  and  others 
have  left  us  books  in  quantity. 

The  16th  century  is  the  real  commencement  of  a practical 
Veterinary  Era.  At  this  time  the  wars  of  Europe  were  at  per- 
fection, the  warriors  had  learned  to  protect  their  horses  with 


11 


heavy  armor  and  required  good  horses  to  carry  it,  the  gentler 
amusement  of  tournaments  was  indulged  in  alike  by  warriors  and 
the  secular  and  ecclesiastical  princes  and  nobles,  and  required 
horses  of  spirit  and  speed  to  satisfy  their  ambition ; hawking, 
other  sports  and  the  advancing  refinement  of  civilization  which 
brought  ladies,  priests,  scientific  men  and  the  artist  followers  into 
the  amusements  and  travels  of  the  courts,  demanded  palfreys  and 
hinnies  for  their  use.  All  this  led  to  the  breeding  of  better  ani- 
mals and  produced  numerous  writers  concerning  the  raising  and 
care  of  the  horse,  his  diseases  and  blemishes,  the  mode  of  curing 
them  and  equitation.  The  breeds  of  horses  at  this  period  in  Italy 
had  attained  such  a reputation  that  popes,  cardinals,  princes  and 
all  the  greater  nobles  had  their  special  brands  and  marks,  and 
most  of  the  books  contained  cuts  of  them,  with  a description  of 
the  peculiar  merits  of  the  animals. 

In  1590  the  Senator  Carlo  Buini  of  Bologna,  a celebrated 
teacher  of  medicine  in  several  of  the  North  Italian  universities 
and  one  of  the  discoverers  of  the  circulation  of  the  blood,  published 
a large  and  valuable  work  in  folio  on  the  anatomy  and  blemishes 
of  the  horse.  He  founded  in  the  university  at  Bologna  the  first 
and  to-day  the  greatest  veterinary  museum  in  the  world.  In 
the  17th  and  18th  centuries  horses  had  acquired  a relatively 
high  value  and  the  numerous  works  which  appeared  on  Hippology 
contained  additional  chapters  on  the  diseases  of  animals.  Some 
attention  was  at  this,  the  so-called  “Stable-master’s  period,”  paid 
to  dogs,  hawks  and  other  sporting  animals ; officers  of  the  army 
and  officials  of  the  breeding  studs  were  obliged  to  apply  them- 
selves to  the  cure  of  their  ailments.  In  the  18th  century  the 
rinderpest  ravaged  over  the  most  of  Europe,  princes  and  govern- 
ments commissioned  the  celebrities  in  medicine  of  the  day  to 
search  for  a remedy  for  the  treatment  or  prevention  of  this  per- 
nicious disease.  Several  of  the  governments  recognized  the  ne- 
cessity for  institutions  for  veterinary  studies,  but  the  jealousies  of 
the  stud  masters  on  one  hand  and  the  military  and  epidemic  police 
authorities  on  the  other,  prevented  the  accomplishment  of  any 
definite  plan. 

In  1762  Claude  Bourgelat,  a French  advocate,  who  was  a 
lover  of  horses,  and  as  an  amateur  had  attained  considerable 


12 


knowledge  of  animals  and  of  medicine,  placed  the  fruits  of  his 
labor  and  his  extraordinary  intellect  to  use.  He  founded  from 
his  own  resources,  which  were  limited,  a school  for  teaching  vet- 
erinary medicine,  at  Lyons,  in  the  centre  of  France;  the  only 
qualification  demanded  from  scholars  was  a good  character ; the 
course  extended  over  one  year  and  treated  principally  of  the 
horse.  The  success  and  fame  of  this  school  was  immediate  and 
great;  not  only  were  a large  number  of  French  scholars  attracted 
to  it,  but  most  of  the  neighboring  governments  sent  students  to 
learn  the  merits  of  it.  The  French  government,  which  has  always 
been  the  foster  mother  of  science,  now  assumed  the  responsibility 
of  the  institution,  enlarged  it,  and  in  1765  called  Bourgelat  to 
Paris  to  establish  a second  school.  This  was  placed  at  Alfort  on 
the  site  of  the  .Royal  Menagerie,  and  special  attention  was  paid 
to  cattle  and  sheep.  There  was  at  this  time  in  Paris  a private 
school,  rich  in  the  teaching  of  Lafosse  the  younger,  but  from 
unfortunate  personal  and  political  differences  between  Lafosse 
and  Bourgelat  no  fusion  of  their  teaching  could  ever  be  accom- 
plished. While  Austria,  Prussia  and  the  greater  German  States, 
England,  Denmark  and  Italy  resolved  at  once  to  profit  by  the 
example  of  France,  the  realization  of  their  plans  differed  greatly 
and  was  not  everywhere  immediately  completed.  Italy  and  the 
Teutonic  races  were  the  first  to  follow  with  success;  their  institu- 
tions were  started  under  two  distinct  plans,  one  the  founding  of  a 
complete  veterinary  faculty,  the  other  the  addition  of  a single 
veterinary  chair  to  the  existing  universities.  The  university 
plan  suffered  from  being  unable  to  furnish  sufficient  clinical  ma- 
terial ; enough  instruction  in  anatomy  and  the  teaching  was  allied 
too  closely  to  that  of  human  medicine,  too  little  practical  instruction 
was  given  in  the  elementary  parts  of  proper  veterinary  training 
and  in  the  study  of  animal  epidemics.  The  co-education  of  vet- 
erinary and  medical  students  was  strongly  urged  in  a memoir  of 
Cothenius,  the  body  physician  of  Frederick  the -Great;  he  also 
argued  that  medical  students  should  have  a knowledge  of  animal 
epidemics  so  that  they  might  afterwards  officiate  as  veterinary 
inspectors.  The  first  veterinary  school  to  follow  those  in  France 
was  in  Turin  in  Piedmont,  under  Charles  Emanuel  III,  King  of 


13 


Sardinia,  1769;  that  at  Copenhagen,  Denmark,  was  founded  in 
1773  with  Abildgaard  in  charge. 

In  Vienna,  Austria,  an  advanced  farrier’s  school,  where  a few 
operations  were  performed,  existed  from  1767  to  1777.  Vienna 
had  long  been  renowned  for  its  guild  of  farriers,  of  whom  a 
monument  stands  to-day  in  the  Graben,  in  the  form  of  a tree 
stump  converted  into  a column  of  iron  by  the  horse  shoe  nails 
which  each  smith  drove  into  it  on  becoming  a member  of  the 
guild.  In  1764  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa  sent  a soldier  named 
Scotti,  an  apothecary  named  Mengman,  and  a certain  Haller  to 
Lyons  for  two  years,  who  upon  their  return  gave  a limited  course 
of  instruction  with  success.  In  1769  the  Empress  sent  a surgeon 
named  Wolstein,  accompanied  by  a smith,  to  Alfort,  where  they 
remained  two  years  taking  advantage  also  of  Lafosse’s  clinic  in 
Paris;  they  then  travelled  through  England,  Holland,  Denmark  and 
Germany  and  returned  in  1775,  having  spent  six  years  in  preparing 
themselves  for  their  work.  This  complete  training  entitled  Wol- 
stein to  the  consideration  he  received  in  the  hands  of  the  Emperor, 
who  granted  him  his  demands  for  a course  of  two  years,  embracing 
anatomy,  exterior  anatomy,  diatetics,  breeding,  shoeing,  practice  of 
medicine,  materia  medica,  botany  and  chemistry,  also  a stable  for  30 
horses,  6 to  8 cows  and  swine  and  15  to  20  smaller  animals.  The 
result  of  this  foundation  has  always  been  one  of  the  most  method- 
ical schools  of  Europe.  The  teachers  for  other  schools  were 
mostly  recruited  from  surgeons  and  smiths  who  were  sent  by 
their  governments  to  the  French  schools,  and  a number  of  insti- 
tutions were  rapidly  founded  in  Hanover,  1778,  Dresden,  1780, 
Milan,  1787,  Berlin  and  Munich,  1790,  London,  1791,  Madrid, 
1793,  Giessen,  1798,  Petersburg,  Russia,  1808,  Naples,  1815, 
Berne,  1816,  Zurich,  1819,  Skara  in  Sweden,  Stutgart  and  Utrecht, 
1821,  Edinburgh  and  Toulouse,  1825,  Alexandria  in  Egypt  and 
Lisbon,  1830,  Cureghem,  near  Brussels,  1832,  Warsaw,  1840, 
Constantinople,  1842,  and  others. 

In  England  the  Royal  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons  was 
founded  in  1791  by  a number  of  noblemen  and  rich  cattle  owners, 
at  the  instigation  of  a French  veterinarian,  Vial  de  Saint  Bel, 
who  became  the  first  director.  It  never  received  government  aid, 
but  has  been  supported  by  subscriptions  of  members  of  the  society 


14 


by  scholars’  fees,  by  an  annual  subscription  from  the  Agricultural 
Society  and  by  the  board  of  the  animals  in  its  hospital.  Two 
institutions  of  a similar  nature  have  been  undertaken  in  recent 
years  in  London,  by  Ainslie  and  Gamgee,  but  they  were  short 
lived,  though  the  latter  did  much  to  awaken  an  interest  in  scien- 
tific training.  The  Dick  College  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
founded  in  1825,  has  furnished  many  teachers  and  practitioners  of 
renown,  and  by  recent  rich  bequests  promises  to  take  on  renewed 
vigor.  The  New  School  in  Edinburgh,  under  Prof.  Williams, 
has  just  been  re-established  in  fine  buildings.  Dublin  and  Glasgow 
have  each  a school.  In  Italy  the  schools  of  Turin,  Milan  and 
Naples  draw  the  largest  number  of  students,  while  there  are  also 
institutions  rich  in  their  museums,  libraries  and  laboratories,  at 
Bologna,  Pisa,  Parma  and  Modena,  with  secondary  schools  at 
Perugia  and  several  smaller  towns.  The  teachers  are  all  govern- 
ment officers. 

In  Germany  many  of  the  veterinary  chairs  in  the  universities 
have  disappeared,  or  are  little  known,  but  that  of  Giessen  has 
always  held  a well  deserved  reputation,  and  in  Halle  Professor 
Putz  is  making  a name  for  his  chair  through  his  valuable  scien- 
tific work  on  the  contagious  diseases.  The  Berlin  school  is  the 
great  clinical  school  of  Germany,  while  Dresden  and  Munich  are 
well  known  for  their  work  in  anatomy  and  laboratory  research. 

In  addition  to  the  schools  of  Warsaw  and  Petersburg,  in 
Russia,  others  have  been  founded  in  Cracow,  Dorpat  in  Livonia 
and  in  the  Kassan ; these  schools  are  attached  to  the  medical  and 
surgical  faculties  and  require  five  years  study.  The  course  is 
most  thorough  and  from  each  graduating  class  are  selected,  by 
competitive  examination,  two  students,  who  under  pay  and  at  the 
expense  of  the  government,  are  sent  to  the  other  schools  of 
Europe  to  perfect  themselves  in  special  branches;  on  their  return 
they  pass  an  examina  ion,  which,  if  satisfactory,  attaches  them  to 
the  faculty,  which  they  enter  when  a vacancy  occurs.  The  pro- 
fessional and  military  standing  of  veterinary  surgeons  in  Russia 
is  probably  the  highest  rank  attained  in  any  country.  In  Italy 
the  graduates  rank  as  doctors,  and  the  diploma  is  a university 
degree.  In  Austria  the  faculty  must  possess  both  the  veterinary 
diploma  and  that  of  doctor  of  medicine.  In  France  and  Ger- 


15 


many  the  faculties  are  recruited  from  among  veterinary  surgeons, 
but  while  the  military  veterinary  surgeons  enter  as  officers  in 
France,  they  only  attain  that  grade  in  Germany  on  becoming 
senior  veterinary  surgeon  of  a regiment,  but  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  military  surgeons  in  Prussia  were  non-commissioned 
officers  in  1840.  In  Holland  the  faculty  was  composed  entirely 
of  medical  men  until  1851,  when  veterinary  surgeons  were  ad- 
mitted as  teachers.  In  England  the  position  of  a veterinary  sur- 
geon has  much  improved  in  recent  years ; while  the  military  vet- 
erinarian became  an  officer  in  the  early  part  of  the  century,  the 
position  of  the  practitioner  kept  steadily  in  the  background  of  the 
medical  man,  who  in  turn  remained  an  apothecary  until  the  med- 
ical profession  was  entered  by  men  with  titles  to  their  names.  It 
has  been  mainly  due  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Fleming,  the  Chief  of 
the  Veterinary  Department  of  the  army,  that  a great  improve- 
ment has  taken  place  in  the  profession,  and  the  last  ostracism 
was  removed  in  June,  1888,  when  he  obtained  for  the  military 
veterinary  surgeon  the  entr6e  to  Court. 

The  course  of  study  in  the  European  schools,  while  every 
where  thorough,  varies  considerably  in  its  details.  It  is  shortest  in 
England,  where  three  partial  years  only  are  demanded.  These  are 
devoted  essentially  to  making  practitioners,  and  during  the  long 
vacations  the  students  are  supposed  to  be  serving  with  preceptors. 
For  many  years  English  instruction  was  too  exclusively  devoted 
to  the  horse,  but  recently  much  more  attention  has  been  paid  to 
cattle  and  other  animals,  and  laboratories  for  practical  teaching 
are  being  added,  which  promise  a greater  amount  of  scientific 
medical  education.  The  Veterinarian , a monthly  journal,  was 
established  in  1828,  and  has  continued  uninterruptedly  since  ; 
there  are  many  veterinary  books  in  English,  but  unfortunately 
too  many  of  them  are  of  a routine  character,  and  better  suited  to 
the  stable  man  than  to  the  medical  man.  There  are,  however, 
numerous  exceptions,  and  the  names  of  Bracy  Clark,  Percivall, 
Williams,  Fleming  and  others  will  always  be  honored.  French, 
German  and  Italian  books  are  comparatively  limited  in  numbers, 
but  are  of  scientific  value.  The  oldest  of  veterinary  journals,  the 
Receuil  de  Medecine  Veterinaire , was  established  in  1824,  and  the 
oldest  German  journal,  the  Vierteljahrschrift  fur  Wissenschaft - 


16 


liche  Veterintirkunde , in  Vienna  in  1851.  The  Austrian  and 
Hungarian  Institutions  teach  for  three  years,  with  a two  years’ 
course  for  higher  grade  farriers.  In  these  there  is  much  more 
laboratory  work.  The  magnificent  new  institution  at  Buda-Pesth 
has  just  been  built  on  ample  ground,  and  fitted  with  every  facility 
for  theoretical  and  practical  work.  At  its  side  the  Agricultural 
School  is  in  course  of  construction,  and  many  of  the  chairs  will  be 
common  to  both.  The  German  schools  teach  for  three  and  a 
half  years,  while  the  Belgian,  Italian  and  French  cover  four 
years  in  their  course  of  study.  The  school  at  Alfort,  near  Paris, 
is  par  excellence  the  greatest  clinical  school,  where  a hundred  ani- 
mals can  be  seen  each  day.  Berlin,  Lyons,  Vienna  have  large 
clinics  and  do  more  laboratory  work.  The  Toulouse  and  Swiss 
schools,  with  that  at  Utrecht,  have  the  greatest  reputation  for  cattle 
practice,  and  at  Munich  special  attention  is  given  to  diseases  of 
the  eye  in  the  lower  animals,  and  for  this  branch  a journal  is 
now  published. 

While  there  have  often  been  individual  veterinary  surgeons 
well  known  outside  of  their  own  profession,  it  has  been  within 
very  recent  years  that  we  can  count  with  pride  enough  scientific 
men  to  show  a marked  elevation  in  the  standing  of  our  colleagues. 
But  recently  we  have  lost  Ercolani  of  Bologna,  who  was  known 
throughout  the  scientific  world  for  his  researches  in  comparative 
anatomy,  histology  of  the  organs  and  animal  parasites ; greater 
perhaps  to  an  Italian  was  his  reputation  as  a patriot  and  states- 
man in  aiding  the  consolidation  of  Italy.  Gurlt  also  was  a vet- 
erinary teacher ; Thiernesse,  the  late  Director  of  the  Cureghem 
School,  was  Secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Medicine,  in  Brussels; 
Bouley,  to-day  Vice-President  of  the  Academie  des  Sciences  in 
Paris  and  professor  at  the  side  of  Milne-Edwards  in  the  Museum, 
was  the  greatest  veterinary  clinician  ever  known.  Chauveau,  the 
anatomist  and  physiologist,  is  Director  of  the  Veterinary  School 
in  Lyons,  and  professor  in  the  Medical  Faculty,  in  which  posi- 
tions he  preferred  to  remain  when  he  refused  the  chair  of  Claude 
Bernard;  Bollinger,  Siedemgrotszky,  Heusinger,  Goubaux  and 
others,  whose  names  are  well  known  in  scientific  journals,  are  vet- 
erinary surgeons.  In  the  staff  of  assistants  who  accompanied 


17 


Pasteur  to  Egypt  to  study  the  cholera  was  Nocard,  a veterinary 
teacher  in  Alfort. 

While  preparing  myself  for  my  position  here  I had  the  op- 
portunity of  visiting  many  of  the  schools  of  which  I have  just 
spoken,  arid  working  in  several  of  them,  and  I beg  to  be  allowed 
this  occasion  to  publicly  testify  my  thanks  and  gratitude  for  the, 
almost  universal  courtesy,  politeness  and  aid,,  which  I received.. 
It  was  first  shown  me  as  your  representative,  although  in  many 
cases  it  developed  into  warm  personal  friendships,  and  you  will 
allow  me  to  especially  mention  M.  Bouley,  M.  G-oubaux  and  the 
Faculty  of  Alfort,  M.  Chauveau,  and  the  Faculty  of  Lyons,  M. 
Marey,  the  Faculty  of  the  Vienna  school,  Professors  JDieck- 
erhoff  at  Berlin,  and  Leisering  at  Dresden,  Lanzillotti  Buonsanti 
at  Milan  and  Mr.  Fleming  and  Professor  Williams  in  England 
and  Scotland.  To  the  memory  of  Ercolani  I can  only  add  the 
feeling  of  reverence  which  everyone  had  who  knew  him  per- 
sonally. 

In  America  the  advance  in  veterinary  medicine  has  been  far 
from  keeping  pace  with  our  national  reputation  for  energy  and 
self-preservation. 

In  1806  Dr.  Benjamin  Bush,  of  this  University,  who  had  just 
been  in  Europe,  and  had  seen  the  success  of  the  institutions  then 
a few  decades  old,  wrote  a letter  to  the  Agricultural  Society  of 
Philadelphia,  and  urged  the  importance  of  adding  a Veterinary 
Department  to  the  University.  He  called  attention  to  the  agricul- 
tural prospects  of  the  country,  and  his  letter  was  discussed  before 
the  Society  in  1807,  but  nothing  practical  was  done.  Our  do- 
mestic animals  have  steadily  increased  in  number  and  in  value 
since  that  time.  We  had  in  1852,  horses,  5,000,000;  cattle,  17,- 
000,000 ; sheep,  22,000,000 ; swine,  30,000,000 ; value,  $600,- 
000,000 ; and  to-day  we  have  in  the  United  States,  horses,  10,- 
838,111;  value,  $765,041,308 ; mules,  1,871,079  ; value,  $148,- 
732,390;  milch  cows,  13,125,685  ; value,  $396,575,405  ; oxen, 
&c.,  28,046,477 ; value,  $611,549,109.  Total  cattle,  41,171,762  ; 
value,  $1,009,114,514  ; sheep,  49,237,291 ; value,  $124,365,835  ; 
hogs,  43,270,086  ; value,  $291,951,221 — a total  of  176,488,329 
animals,  representing  a value  of  $2,338,215,268  ; and  there  are, 
perhaps,  in  the  United  States  only  some  500  veterinary  surgeons 


18 


who  hold  certificates  showing  that  they  are  properly  qualified  to 
practice.  An  importation  of  the  Russian  rinderpest  into  the  port 
of  New  York  would  probably  be  followed  by  the  destruction  of 
thirteen  millions  of  cattle,  or  three  hundred  million  dollars’  worth 
of  property  in  twelve  months. 

Valuable  breeds  of  animals  have  been  imported  and  developed 
here  until  individual  horses,  cows  and  sheep  reach  the  enormous 
value  of  thousands  of  dollars.  With  the  increase  in  the  number 
of  animals,  the  ordinary  accidental  and  sporadic  diseases  have  of 
course  increased  in  the  same  ratio,  but  with  the  augmented  num- 
ber of  valuable  animals  wanted  here  and  there  over  the  country 
for  breeding  purposes,  with  the  increased  number  of  horses  sent 
to  the  large  cities  for  motors,  and  the  thousands  of  cattle  shipped 
for  food  in  dirty,  non-disinfected  cars  and  boats,  the  increase  of 
traumatic  and  contagious  diseases  have  been  in  much  greater  pro- 
portion. Our  Government  has  not  done  the  first  thing  toward 
furnishing  men  capable  of  combating  these  scourges ; even  in  the 
army,  the  handful  of  veterinary  surgeons  are  not  recognized  as 
officers,  and  have  so  little  authority,  that  on  an  outbreak  of  glan- 
ders, they  have  not  the  power  to  condemn  or  sequestrate  an  animal, 
if  the  Colonel  thinks  it  has  the  disease,  in  what  his  ignorance 
calls,  a non-contagious  stage.  The  still  smaller  number  of  officers 
appointed  by  the  Treasury  Department  to  establish  quarantine,  in 
order  to  protect  us  from  imported  diseases,  has  been  composed  of 
competent  men,  but  too  few  in  number,  and  without  sufficient 
means  and  law  at  their  disposal  to  take  proper  precautions.  The 
contagious  diseases  are  left  for  the  States  to  cope  with 
alone,  each  protecting  itself  as  it  sees  fit,  regardless  of  its 
neighbors. 

The  first  veterinary  record  made  in  the  Uriited  States 
was  made  in  Philadelphia,  1818,  when  we  find  in  the 
registry  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Eastern  District  that,  ‘‘James 
Carver  hath  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a book 
the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  author,  in  the  words  follow- 
ing: ‘The  Farriers’  Magazine;  or,  Archives  of  Veerinary 
Science,’  containing  the  anatomy,  physiology  and  pathology  of 
the  horse  and  other  domestic  animals.”  Nine  years  later  John 
Rose,  a Prussian  graduate,  settled  in  New  York,  about  the  same 


19 


year  the  well  known  Mr.  Michener  began  practice  in  Pennsylva- 
nia. In  1851  a Mr.  (x.  H.  Dadd,  a self-named  veterinary  sur- 
geon, started  a veterinary  journal  in  Boston  which,  lived  but  a 
year,  to  be  revived  again  in  1855  as  the  American  Veterinary 
Journal , and  the  same  year  Mr.  Dadd  and  several  associates 
formed  the  first  veterinary  school  in  the  country  which,  however, 
soon  disappeared.  The  New  York  College  of  Veterinary  Sur- 
geons was  chartered  in  1857,  and  up  to  1875  led  a feeble  exist- 
ence, during  which  time  it  issued  some  eighteen  diplomas.  The 
Pennsylvania  College,  chartered  in  1866,  has  continued  its  organi- 
zation, but  without  a regular  course  of  instruction.  Two  years 
later  the  Illinois  Industrial  University  and  Cornell  added  Dr. 
Prentice  and  Professor  James  Law  to  their  faculties  and  have 
given  regular  lectures.  They  were  followed  by  Amherst  (1869), 
the  Ohio  Agricultural  College  (1870),  and  Ames,  Iowa.  In  1875 
the  American  Veterinary  College  was  formed  in  New  York  from 
the  New  York  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons,  with  Professor 
Liautard,  a French  graduate,  at  its  head.  This  school  has  steadily 
increased  in  value  and  number  of  students.  It  was  the  first  med- 
ical school  in  the  State  of  New  York  to  require  a matriculation 
examination.  It  has  issued  diplomas  to  183  of  its  students,  many 
of  whom  are  in  Pennsylvania.  In  1862  a school  was  established 
in  Toronto  which,  like  the  New  York  school,  demands  but  two 
years’  study.  The  Montreal  school,  founded  in  1866,  and  directed 
by  Mr.  MacEachran,  requires  three  winters.  .Recently  a new 
school  has  been  established  in  Chicago,  and  one  in  Minneapolis. 
These  schools  are  dependent  on  scholars’  fees  for  support,  and 
with  the  precedents  of  the  medical  schools  of  the  country,  find 
that  two  winters  are  all  that  can,  with  pecuniary  profit,  be  de- 
manded for  forcing  into  the  heads  of  young  men,  often  with  but 
little  previous  education,  the  elements  of  medicine  with  its  vast 
amount,  of  practical  details,  and  the  long  row  of  diseases  with 
their  variations  in  half  a dozen  widely  differing  species  of  animals 
— less  time  than  it  takes  for  a shoemaker’s  apprentice  to  learn  to 
cobble  shoes,  a clerk  to  become  a book-keeper,  or  a farrier’s  boy 
to  be  trusted  to  put  ordinary  shoes  on  a horse.  Harvard  Uni- 
versity established  a veterinary  department  last  year  and  has  a 
hospital  of  some  size.  It  requires  three  years’  study  and  gives  a 


20 


thorough  course  of  instruction.  The  school  is  in  charge  of  Pro- 
fessor Lyman.  The  American  Yeterinary  Review,  published 
in  New  York  since  1877,  has  continued  a journal  of  scientific 
merit.  The  United  States  Yeterinary  Medical  Association, 
formed  in  1863,  is  composed  of  the  leading  veterinary  surgeons 
throughout  the  country  and  has  held  semi-annual  meetings  at 
New  York  and  Boston  until  the  present  autumn,  when  the  meet- 
ing was  held  in  Cincinnati.  In  1870  the  late  Dr.  S.  D.  Gross, 
with  a keen  appreciation  and  ready  heart  for  the  demands  of 
medical  education,  framed  and  presented  the  following  resolu- 
tions to  the  American  Medical  Association,  but  his  noble  attempt 
to  advance  our  profession  failed — was  lost  by  a large  majority. 

“ Whereas , We  regard  the  cultivation  of  veterinary  science  of 
the  most  vital  importance,  not  only  to  the  advancement  of  hu- 
man medicine,  but  also  for  reasons  of  political  economy  and  agri- 
cultural interest, 

“ Resolved , First. — That  we  recommend  the  State  and  County 
Medical  Societies  to  use  their  influence  in  the  establishment  and 
support  of  veterinary  schools  in  their  respective  States.  Second. 
— That  they  ask  the  Governors  of  their  respective  States  to  re- 
commend in  their  messages  to  their  Legislatures  the  importance  of 
establishing  veterinary  colleges,  and  that  appropriations  be  made 
to  support  them.  Third. — That  they  recommend  the  Governor 
and  the  State  Legislature  when  organizing  Boards  of  Health  to 
appoint  one  or  more  thoroughly  educated  veterinary  surgeons  to 
be  associated  as  commissioners  with  other  medical  officers. 

“ Resolved , That  we  recommend  the  employment  of  veterinary 
surgeons  in  the  army,  and  one  in  the  Agricultural  Department, 
with  rank  and  pay  of  other  medical  officers.” 

Our  Yeterinary  Department  has  been  contemplated  for  some 
time,  and  was  rendered  practicable  through  the  acquisition  by  the 
university  of  this  piece  of  land  from  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
and  the  liberality  of  Mr.  J.  B.  Lippincott  and  Mr.  Joseph  E. 
Gillingham,  who  have  furnished  the  means  for  these  substantial 
buildi  gs  and  outfit.  Unfortunately  a veterinary  school  cannot 
be  ordered  and  completed  like  a primary  school  house,  and  we 
have  but  the  corner  stone  of  what  I believe  will  be  a great  insti- 
tution. 


21 


We  open  to-day  with  the  veterinary  course  of  the  first  year 
only ; our  matriculates,  twenty  in  number,  have  been  required  to 
show  a sufficient  previous  education  or  have  passed  a preliminary 
examination  equivalent  to  that  of  the  Medical  Department.  This 
requirement  is  too  little  for  men  who  should  be  qualified  to  un- 
dertake the  mathematics  needed  in  a problem  of  chemical  analy- 
sis, electricity,  or  the  value  of  a muscular  movement  in  the  physi- 
ological study  of  an  animal,  or  to  handle  easily  the  technical 
terms  derived  from  Greek  and  Latin,  which  medicine  has  found 
it  proper  to  employ  for  nomenclature,  but  it  is  sufficient  to  guar- 
antee that  the  student  has  enough  education  to  appreciate  what 
will  be  taught  him,  with  great  diligence  and  labor  on  his  own 
part.  i 

Our  students  will  learn  this  year,  on  the  same  footing  as  those 
of  the  medical  department,  the  study  of  chemistry  with  its 
practical  courses  under  Professor  Wormley;  they  will  follow  the 
course  of  materia  medica  and  pharmacy  under  Dr.  Miller  and 
Dr.  Alexander  Glass,  V.S.,  in  order  to  familiarize  them  with  the 
specialties  required  in  compounding  veterinary  medicines ; they 
will  have  the  full  course  of  physiology  from  Professor 
Allen,  and  where  this  is  inadequate  for  veterinary  instruction,  as 
it  is  necessarily  prepared  for  the  students  of  human  medicine, 
there  will  be  supplementary  lectures  by  Professor  Smith,  who 
will  also  direct  them  in  practical  work  with  special  reference  to 
the  domestic  animals;  the  elementary  course  in  general  pathology 
under  Professor  Tyson  will  be  the  same  for  the  veterinary  and 
medical  student.  Professor  Pothrock  will  not  only  give  them 
general  botany,  but  will  pay  special  attention  to  the  plants  used 
for  forage  and  their  nutrient  value.  Professor  Parker  in  his 
course  of  zoology,  after  giving  them  the  general  laws  of  the  de- 
velopment and  classification  of  animals,  will  dwell  upon  the 
helminths  and  animal  parasites ; the  course  of  anatomy  will  em- 
brace the  horse,  cow,  sheep,  goat,  hog,  dogs,  cats  and  poultry, 
and  in  the  course  of  histology,  the  tissues  of  these  animals  will 
be  used ; from  the  microscope  the  student  will  go  to  the  black- 
smith shop,  where  he  will  learn  to  forge  and  to  shoe  the  horse’s 
foot.  This  last  course  has  never  been  practically  carried  out  in  the 
English  speaking  schools,  but  is  essential  to  the  veterinary  sur- 


22 


geon  ; he  will  never  be  a farrier  and  in  practice  will  avoid  even 
taking  off  a shoe  when  he  can  get  anyone  else  to  do  it  for  him,  but 
shoeing  is  the  cause  of  nine-tenths  of  the  surgical  evils  in  the 
horse,  and  without  a thorough  practical  knowledge  of  it,  it  is  im- 
possible to  obtain  from,  or  show  to  a blacksmith  what  one  wants. 

In  the  second  year,  medical  or  organic  chemistry  will  be 
taught  and  examinations  will  be  held ; the  course  of  physiology, 
botany,  zoology  and  anatomy  will  be  finished ; the  students  will 
commence  their  lectures  in  therapeutics,  with  practical  demon- 
strations of  the  effects  of  drugs  on  the  domestic  animals  ; they 
will  continue  the  course  of  general  pathology ; with  the  second 
year  will  commence  the  lectures  on  surgical  pathology,  internal 
pathology  and  the  contagious  diseases  or  practice  of  medicine. 
These  same  lectures  will  be  continued  the  third  year  with  the  ad- 
dition of  lectures  on  obstetrics  and  zootechnics,  or  the  laws  of 
breeding  and  raising  animals,  and  the  modes  employed  for  obtain- 
ing th^,  greatest  use  from  them,  as  they  may  be  destined  for  animal 
motors  or  machines  for  the  production  of  milk,  wool  or  flesh. 
A cou  rse  will  be  given  on  the  preparation  of  butcher  meat,  show- 
ing the  most  humane  methods  for  slaughtering  animals  for  food, 
the  preparation  of  the  meat  and  the  signs  of  unhealthy  or  dis- 
eased flesh  in  the  living  or  dressed  animal ; there  will  also  be  lec- 
tures on  sanitary  police,  familiarizing  students  with  the  inade- 
quate laws  of  this  country  and  those  of  other  countries  which 
they  may  use  as  models  when  called  upon  to  consult  in  these 
matters.  With  the  commencement  of  the  second  year  the  stu- 
dent will  enter  the  hospital  and  during  it  and  the  following  year 
will  have  direct  charge  of  the  sick  animals ; they  will  keep  the 
clinical  records,  administer  the  medicines,  perform  minor  opera- 
tions, and  in  case  of  death  make  the  autopsies.  Each  in  turn  will 
serve  in  the  hospital  pharmacy,  and  prepare  all  medicines  re- 
quired in  the  institution. 

Such,  gentlemen,  is  the  plan  of  study  which  we  have  laid  out 
for  making  veterinary  surgeons.  This  training  thoroughly  car- 
ried out  will  give  us  men  fully  capable  of  being  the  scientific 
peers  of  any  doctor  off  medicine ; it  will  form  men  completely 
fitted  for  any  trust  in  an  animal  epidemic  or  in  the  minor  details 
of  a routine  practice.  A man  with  this  education  will  hold  his 


23 


head  up  among  his  fellows,  and  when  a stableman  calls  for  the 
“ horse  doctor”  will  feel  that  he  is  called  out  as  a respected  pro- 
fessional man  to  do  good,  and  that  he  is  beyond  the  suspicion  of 
being  asked  to  use  his  knowledge  to  share  in  a deception  or  a 
fraud. 

For  the  instruction  of  the  first  year  we  are  as  fully  equipped 
as  a school  can  be  at  its  beginning,  with  but  a small  museum  and 
the  rough  edges  of  the  various  parts  of  this  educational  machine 
still  unworn. 

For  the  second  and  third  years  we  are  not  yet  prepared,  and 
we  depend  upon  your  generosity  and  that  of  your  neighbors  to 
complete  this  department.  We  have  here  such  a piece  of  ground 
as  is  unobtainable  in  any  other  large  city  in  the  United  States, 
and  if  we  take  advantage  of  it  before  it  is  appropriated  to  other 
needs  we  will  have  an  establishment  equal  to  any  in  Europe.  We 
need  stables  for  at  least  fifty  sick  horses  at  once,  which  should  be 
built  with  the  prospect  of  enlarging  in  the  future.  In  this  hos- 
pital we  will  take  sick  animals  to  board,  and  it  in  part  will  be  self- 
supporting,  but  there  will  be  many  animals  with  diseases  tedious 
to  treat,  which  will  be  abandoned  by  their  owners,  and  we  need  a 
fund  for  the  support  of  such  cases.  There  are  many  cases  of 
disease  among  the  horses  of  poor  carters,  which  are  readily  cura- 
ble, but  the  owner  cannot  afford  the  fees  of  a veterinary 
surgeon,  nor  the  expense  of  an  animal  standing  idle  and  eating 
the  food  which  its  work  should  be  paying  for ; these  are  the  cases 
which  furnish  many  of  the  examples  of  misery  that  the  Society 
for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals  is  called  upon  to  alleviate. 
In  many  cases  the  driver  is  not  naturally  brutal,  but  at  home 
there  are  wife  and  children  to  be  supported,  and  the  suffering 
beast  is  the  best  he  can  afford.  We  need  a fund  for  the  support 
of  such  animals,  which  will  be  judiciously  sent  us  by  the  agents 
of  the  Society  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals, 
and  by  the  practicing  veterinary  surgeons  of  the  town. 
Such  a fund  will  be  a double  charitv — the  suffering 
animal  will  be  relieved,  and  the  knowledge  that  it 
can  be  done  without  depriving  a poor  owner  of  his  daily 
bread  will  induce  the  latter  to  be  more  charitable  himself.  We 
need  a cattle  dairy  of  at  least  fifty  cows.  This  should  be  largely 


24 


self-supporting  after  once  established ; it  will  enable  us  to  teach 
the  student  practical  obstetrics  and  many  of  the  details  of  cattle 
practice  of  which  the  usual  veterinary  graduate  is  absolutely  igno- 
rant. We  need  dormitories  for  the  students,  where  those  from 
away  can  be  comfortably  lodged,  and  learn  that  their  alma  mater 
is  their  home  for  the  time.  For  our  veterinary  students  who  are  to 
give  personal  supervision  to  the  animals  in  the  hospital,  it  is  es- 
sential; for  the  entire  University,  it  is  a necessity.  Harvard, 
Yale  or  Princeton  alumni  meet  each  other  like  Free  Masons,  and 
though  otherwise  strangers,  they  become  rapidly  intimate  over 
the  past,  present  and  future  of  their  college,  because  they  roomed 
in  the  same  building,  messed  at  the  same  table,  and  had  the  same 
associations;  this  feeling  is  absent  in  the  alumni  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Pennsylvania,  except,  perhaps,  among  the  medical 
graduates,  who  had  their  small  cliques  in  their  boarding  houses. 
Dormitories  will  do  much  to  make  the  university  popular,  they 
will  tie  the  graduate’s  memories  to  his  student  life  and  induce 
him  to  take  an  interest  in  the  future  of  the  institution.  We  need 
a botanical  garden,  and  with  ample  frontage  for  all  our  buildings 
on  the  sides  of  this  triangle,  a beautiful  spot  is  ieft  in  the  centre 
for  its  construction ; there  exists  already  a small  fund  for  this 
purpose  left  by  the  late  Dr.  George  B.  Wood.  We  need  endow- 
ments for  the  chairs.  The  chair  of  surgery  must  be  filled  be- 
fore the  next  year,  and  we  should  be  untramelled  in  our  choice 
and  be  able  to  select  the  best  talent  without  being  influenced  by 
the  pecuniary  value  of  so  many  students. 

In  fino,  gentlemen,  we  need,  and  I am  sure  we  will  have,  your 
support  for  this  undertaking. 


Apeldorn,  Theodore  W 

Bennett,  John 

Biddle,  Spencer  F.  B.... 


.Philadelphia,  Pa. 


....Johnsville,  “ 
Philadelphia,  u 


Bignell,  L.  M ■“  ‘ 

Birch,  William  A . “ ** 

Boon,  George  W “ u 

Brenner,  John  C **  “ 

Oullen,  Charles  M “ 

Davis,  William  E WestChester,  “ 

Eves,  H.  P Lima,  “ 

Flower,  Richard  F Ashbourne,  “ 

Form  ad,  Robert Philadelphia,  “ 

Greene,  Abraham “ “ 

Haehnlen,  W.  F.  (M.D.,  Ph.D.) “ “ 

Harger,  Simon Hecktown,  “ 

Kinney,  J.  B.  (M.D.) Philadelphia,  “ 

Marlin,  Edgar “ “ 

MoAnulty,  James  T West  Philadelphia  “ 

McLean,  James  F Philadelphia,  “ 

Montgomery,  W.  B Chestnut  Hill,  “ 

Ross,  James  T Frankford,  “ 

Sellers,  A.  T Philadelphia*  “ 

Sullivan,  Dennis  O r West  Chester,  “ 

Toml anson,  William 

Vandegrift,  John  F Langhorne,  “ 

Webster,  Richard  G Glen  Riddle,  “ 

Weber,  George  J Philadelphia,  “ 

Wkrntz,  W.  B 

Williams,  Charles 


Fellowship,  N.  J. 


MATERIA  MEDICA: 

H.  C.  Wood ; Finley  Dunn. 

ANATOMY: 

Chauveau  ; Strangeway  ; Liautard  ; Steel. 



HISTOLOCY: 

Klein;  Schaeffer,  or  Satterth  waite. 

PHYSIOLOGY: 

Kirke;  Yeo;  Foster. 

i 

CENERAL  PATHOLOGY: 

Rindfleisch’s  Elements  of  Pathology;  Tyson’s  Cell  Doctrine, 

BOTANY : 

Bessey’s  Botany ; Gray’s  Manual  of  Botany,  •% 


ZOOLOGY. 

Nicollson’s  Manual. 

HORSESHOEING: 

Fleming:  Russell, 


3 0112105661059 


